上学期结束之前，我选了一门全校性公选课，就是Translation Between English and Chinese（英汉对议技巧）自开学以来，今天是第二堂课了，再此做个笔记：

先提供几个英语学习网站，我觉得很不错哦:-)

      http://www.listeningexpress.net
      http://www.putclub.com
      http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/index.html

先看看翻译的标准有什么：

      严复：信、达、雅
     鲁迅：忠实、通顺、美
     faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance

引用了严复和鲁迅的，其实这大致上是差不多的意思。但是做到这点往往很难

（一）正确地理解原文
1、理解语言现象：译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等。
例1：Suddenly the line went limp. “I’m going back,” said Kurth, “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
电线突然耷拉了下来。”库尔思说，“我回去看看。一定是哪个地方断了。稍等，我五分钟就回来。

例2： John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.
约翰现与父母同住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已经三年了。
例3：Bill wants to marry a Norwegian woman.

有趣的就是这个第三例,可以理解成Bill想和一个挪威的女人结婚，也可以理解成为Bill为这个挪威的女人主持婚礼，所以这要看上下文

2.  理解逻辑关系
1) It is good for him to do that.
a.这样做对他有好处。B. 他这样做是件好事。
2) He didn’t marry her because he loved her.

有点古怪的翻译：
a.他没有娶她，因为他爱她。
b.他不是因为爱她才与她结婚的。

看看下面的多重意思：

The Seniors were told to stop demonstrating on campus.
a. The seniors were demonstrating and were asked, on campus, to desist.
b. The seniors were demonstrating and were asked to desist on campus (although they could demonstrate elsewhere).
c. The seniors were demonstrating on campus and were asked to desist.
d. People were demonstrating on campus, and seniors were asked to stop them.
e. People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, on campus, to stop them .
f. People were demonstrating and seniors were asked, to stop them from doing so on campus (although they could do it elsewhere) .

3. 理解原文所涉及的事物
如： John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
约翰既忠诚又正直，可以信赖。

（ 二）准确地表达
1、Literal translation 直译

2、Liberal translation 意译
3、直译＋意译1.直译(literal translation)：就是在译文语言条件许可下，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式—-特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族特色。

如：
对外开放取得新进展，1990年该省共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资”企业已达284家。
New progress had been made in the course of opening to the outside world. In 1990, the province approved 99 “Three Forms of Ventures” (Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, and wholly foreign-funded enterprises), and the total number of the “Three Forms of Ventures” reached 284.

有些英语谚语、习语等已融入到现代汉语中，可直译。如：
to kill 2 birds with one stone       一石二鸟
rolling stone gathers no moss     滚石不生苔
A cat has 9 lives.                        猫有9命

All roads lead to Rome.            条条大路通罗马

All that glitters is not gold.          发光的不一定都是金子

2、意译(liberal/free translation) ：在受到社会文化局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求译文与原文的内容相符合和主要语言功能相似的方(liberal/free translation)法。如：

1、他只会马走日、象走田。
2.John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
3. The child is father to the man. 

第一条其实只是想说他只是微懂象棋的走法，除了马和相，其他都不会走的意思，所以应该可以翻译为：

He only knows basic moves of Chinese Chess.

第二条引用了一条，to eat to fish这样一个典故，是想说明John 的忠诚（loyal）和诚实（honest）

典故： to eat no fish: 英国伊丽沙白女王时代，耶酥教徒为了表示对政府的忠诚，拒绝遵守反政府的罗马天主教徒在周五只吃鱼的习惯。
To play the game: to play the game fair.

第三条是没办法直译的，你会发现直译的结果让人看了像火星文。我们中国有句话叫：三岁至老。意思是说小时候怎么样，长大了也就怎么样。

看看咱中国的：
A hedge between keeps friendship green.

君子之交淡如水。
A young idler, an old beggar.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

3、音译(transliteration)：指用音位为单位在英译文中保留汉语的发音以便突出原文主要语言功能的翻译方法。如：
carnation:康乃馨
sofa 沙发
coffee 咖啡
toffee  太妃糖
气功：qigong
饺子：jiaozi（今天我才知道，别人说的dumpling跟这饺子还是有差别的-.-!）

豆腐：doufu

气功：qigong

4、直译、意译、音译等各种翻译方法相结合。如：
阴阳学说：
The doctrine of Yin and Yang (in Chinese philosophy, medicine, etc., the two opposing principles in nature, the former feminine and negative, the latter masculine and positive.)